KISWAHILI Form 1 Topic 4

FASIHI SIMULIZI

Fasihi simulizi ni moja kati ya tanzu za fasihi inayohifadhiwa na kurithishwa kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine kwa njia ya mdomo. Katika mada hii utajifunza na kisha utaweza kubainisha tanzu na vipera vya fasihi simulizi pamoja na ufafanuzi wake. Na pia utaweza kutofautisha kati ya kipera na kipera au kati ya utanzu na utanzu.

Ubainishaji wa Tanzu za Fasihi Simulizi

Tanzu za Fasihi Simulizi

Bainisha tanzu za fasihi simulizi

Fasihi Simulizi ni kazi ya fasihi inayohifadhiwa na kurithishwa kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine kwa njia ya mdomo kama vile; hadithi, ngoma na vitendawili.

Tanzu za Fasihi Simulizi ni pamoja na hizi zifuatazo:

1. Masimulizi/hadithi
2. Semi
3. Ushairi
4. Mazungumzo
5. Maigizo
6. Ngomezi

Ufafanuzi wa Vipera vya Tanzu za Fasihi Simulizi

Vipera vya Hadithi

Fafanua vipera vya hadithi

SIMULIZI/ HADITHI

Masimulizi ni fasihi yenye kusimulia habari fulani. Ni masimulizi ambayo yanatumia lugha ya mjazo au nathari na mtiririko wake huwa mwepesi au sahili. Urefu wa hadithi hutofautiana kutoka kitanzu/kipera kimoja hadi kingine. Kwa jumla zipo hadithi ambazo ni za kubuni na zingine za kihistoria. Baadhi ya vipera vya utanzu huu ni:

Ngano

Hizi ni hadithi za kimapokeo zitumiazo wahusika kama wanyama, miti na watu katika kuelezea au kuonya kuhusu maisha. Vijipera vya kipera hiki ni:

• Istiara – hadithi ambayo maana yake ya wazi inawakilisha maana nyingine iliyofichika. Yaani hadithi nzima ni kama sitiari.
• Mbazi- hadithi fupi yenye mafunzo itolewayo kama kielelezo wakati wa maongezi au wa kumkanya mtu
• Kisa- hadithi fupi ya kufurahisha kuhusu tukio la kweli.

Visakale

Masimulizi ya kimapokeo juu ya wahenga au mashujaa wa kabila au taifa yenye kuchanganya chuku na historia. Kwa mfano hadithi za Liyongo

Mapisi

Maelezo ya historia bila kutia mambo ya kubuni.

Soga

Ni hadithi ndogo ndogo zinazohusisha utani na ucheshi kwa kiasi fulani. Hizi ni hadithi ambazo hutambwa katika mtiririko wa matukio ambao huzua kicheko. Soga hudhamiria kuchekesha na pia kukejeli.

Tarihi

Hizi ni hadithi ambazo husimulia au zimejengwa kwenye matukio ya kihistoria. Inawezekana matukio yanayosimuliwa yakawa ya kweli, yaani yalipata kutokea kihistoria. Hadithi hizi hutokea zaidi katika maandishi.

Visasili

Ni utanzu unaofungamana na imani za dini na mizungu ya jamii. Hizi ni hadithi za kale zenye kuwakilisha imani na mtazamo wa jamii inayohusika kuhusu asili ya ulimwengu na mwenendo wake, kuhusu asili yao wenyewe, na maana na shabaha ya maisha yao. Mara nyingi hadithi hizi huaminiwa kuwa ni kweli tupu, na hutumika kuelezea au kuhalalisha baadhi ya mila na madhehebu ya jamii inayohusika.

Vipera vya Ushairi

Fafanua vipera vya ushairi

Huu ni utanzu wa fasihi simulizi unaowasilishwa kwa hadhira kwa njia ya uimbaji au ughani badala ya usemaji wa kawaida. Katika utanzu huu kuna vipera viwili ambavyo ni nyimbo na maghani.

Nyimbo

Nyimbo ni kila kinachoimbwa. Kipera hiki kimegawanyika katika vijipera vifuatavyo ambavyo ni, tumbuizo, bembea, kongozi, nyimbo za dini, wawe, tenzi, tendi, mbolezi, kimai, nyiso, nyimbo za vita, nyimbo za uwindaji, nyimbo za taifa, nyimbo za watoto na nyimbo za kazi.

• Tumbuizo:hizi ni nyimbo za furaha ziimbwazo kuwafurahisha watu kwenye matukio mbalimbali kama vile ngomani au harusini. Bembea; hizi ni nyimbo za kubembeleza watoto. Kigezo kilichotumika hapa ni kigezo cha kidhima ambapo hulenga kubembeleza watoto.
• Kongozi:hizi ni nyimbo za kuaga mwaka.
• Nyimbo za dini:hizi ni nyimbo zinazoimbwa kwa lengo la kumsifu Mungu au miungu.
• Wawe:hizi ni nyimbo za kilimo; huuimbwa wakati wa kulima.
• Tenzi:hizi ni nyimbo ndefu za kimasimulizi au mawaidha.
• Tendi:hizi ni nyimbo ndefu za masimulizi juu ya matendo ya mashujaa, wahusika wa tendi ni watu wenye historia za matendo ya kishujaa.
• Mbolezi:hizi ni nyimbo za kilio au maombolezo.
• Kimai:hizi ni nyimbo zihusuzo shughuli za baharini.
• Nyiso:hizi ni nyimbo za jandoni.
• Nyimbo za vita:hizi ni nyimbo ziimbwazo na askari wakati wa vita..
• Nyimbo za watoto:hizi ni nyimbo waimbazo watoto wakati wa michezo yao.
• Nyimbo za uwindaji:hizi ni nyimbo ambazo huimbwa na makundi ya wawindaji wakati wa shughuli au sherehe zao.
• Nyimbo za Taifa:hizi ni nyimbo za kusifia Taifa au kabila.
• Nyimbo za kazi:hizi ni nyimbo zinazoimbwa katika shughuli mbalimbali kama vile, kulima, kutwanga, kusuka, uvuvi, uashi, useremala na kadhalika

Maghani

Maghani ni istilahi inayotumiwa kuelezea aina ya ushairi ambao hutolewa kwa kalima au maneno badala ya kuimbwa.

Kipera hiki kina vijipera vitatu ambavyo ni maghani ya kawaida,sifonamaghani masimulizi.

Maghani ya kawaidani kundi ambalo tunaweza kuingiza fani mbalimbali za ushahiri simulizi kama vile ushairi wa mapenzi, siasa, maombolezo, kazi, dini ilimradi unaghanwa katika namna ya uwasilishwaji wake.

Sifo:hizi ni tungo za kusifu ambazo husifu watu, wanyama na mimea. Baadhi ya sifo huwa zinakashifu au kukejeli. Sifo huwa na tanzu muhimu kama vile vivugo (majigambo),pembezinatondozi.

• Kivugo:hili ni ghani la kujisifia, hutungwa na kughanwa na muhusika mwenyewe.
• Tondozi:hizi ni tungo za kusifu watu, wanyama au vitu.

Ghani masimulizi:hizi ni ghani ambazo hutambwa ili kusimulia hadithi, historia au tukio fulani. Ghani masimulizi ina vipera vinne ambavyo ni rara, ngano, sifo na tendi.

• Rara ni hadithi fupi nyepesi ya kishairi yenye visa vya kusisimua; rara huimbwa au kughanwa ikiambatana na ala za muziki.
• Ngano:hizi ni hadithi za mapokeo zitumiazo wahusika kama wanyama, miti na watu katika kuelezea au kuonya kuhusu maisha.Ngano huwa ghani masimulizi inapowasilishwa pamoja na ala ya muziki.
• Sifo:hizi ni tungo za kusifu: sifo huwa ghani masimulizi inapoingiza muziki katika utondozi wake, lugha iliyotumika ni lugha ya kishairi.
• Tendi:hizi ni ghani ndefu za masimulizi juu ya matendo ya mashujaa yenye uzito kijamii au kitaifa.

Vipera vya Semi

Fafanua vipera vya semi

Semi ni tungo au kauli fupifupi za kisanaa zenye kubeba maana au mafunzo muhimu ya kijamii. Baadhi ya tanzu katika kundi hili ni:

• Methali: Methali ni semi fupi fupi zenye kueleza kwa muhtasari fikra au mafunzo, mazito yaliyotokana na uzoefu wa kijamii. Mara nyingi mawazo hayo huelezwa kwa kutumia tamathali hasa sitiari na mafumbo. Methali nyingi huwa na muundo wenye sehemu mbili. Sehemu ya kwanza huanzisha wazo fulani, na sehemu ya pili hulikanusha au kulikaamilsha wazo hilo. Kwa mfano; mwenda pole hajikwai, aliye juu mngoje chini.
• Vitendawili: Ni usemi uliofumbwa ambao hutolewa kwa hadhira ili iufumbue. Fumbo hilo kwa kawaida huwa linafahamika katika jamii hiyo, na mara nyingi lina mafunzo muhimu kwa washiriki, mbali na kuwachemsha bongo zao. Vitendawili ni sanaa inayotegemea uwezo wa mtu kutambua, kuhusisha na kulinganisha vitu vya aina mbalimbali vilivyomo katika maumbile.
• Misimu: Ni semi za muda na mahali maalum ambazo huzuka na kutoweka kutegemea mazingira maalum. Msimu ukipata mashiko ya kutosha katika jamii huweza hatimaye kuingia katika kundi la methali za jamii hiyo.
• Mafumbo: Ni semi za maonyo au mawaidha ambazo maana zake za ndani zimefichika. Fumbo hubuniwa na msemaji kwa shabaha na hadhira maalum, hivyo ni tofauti na methali au vitendawili ambavyo ni semi za kimapokeo.
• Lakabu: Haya ni majina ya kupanga ambayo baadhi ya watu hupewa au hujipatia kutokana na sifa zao za kimwili, kinasaba, kitabia au kimatendo. Majina haya huwa ni maneno au mafungu ya maneno yenye maana iliyofumbwa. Mara nyingi majina haya huwa ni sitiari. Baadhi ya majina haya humsifia mhusika, lakini mengine humkosoa au hata kumdhalilisha; Mifano: simba wa yuda- Hali Selassie, Baba wa taifa – Mwl Nyerere.

Vipera vya Maigizo

Fafanua vipera vya maigizo

Maigizo ni mchezo ambao hutumia watendaji wa kuiga tabia na matendo ya watu au viumbe wengine ili kuburudisha na kutoa ujumbe fulani kwa hadhira.

Uhakiki wa kazi za Fasihi Simulizi

Umuhimu wa Uhakiki wa Kazi za Fasihi Simulizi

Elezea umuhimu wa uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi simulizi

Umuhimu wa uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi simulizi ni kubaini ubora wa kazi za fasihi simulizi, kubaini vipengele mbalimbali vya fani na maudhui, kupima namna kazi inavyoambatana na mazingira inamotokea, kupima kufaa na kutokufaa kwa fasihi simulizi, kubaini ukweli wa mambo yanayoelezwa, kuangalia uhalisi wa watu na mazingira katika jamii na kubaini umuhimu wa kazi ya fasihi katika jamii husika.

Vigezo vya Uhakiki wa Kazi za Fasihi Simulizi

Elezea vigezo vya uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi simulizi

Uhakiki wa kazi ya fasihi huzingatia vigezo viwili ambavyo vimegawanyika katika vipengele mbalimbali. Vigezo hivyo ni fani na maudhui. Katika kigezo cha fani mhakiki atazingatia muundo, mtindo, matumizi ya lugha, wahusika na mandhari wakati katika kigezo cha maudhui mhakiki atazingatia dhamira, migogoro, falsafa, msimamo na ujumbe.

Uhakiki wa Hadithi

Elezea uhakiki wa hadithi

Uhakiki wa hadithi kama ilivyo katika kazi nyingine za fasihi simulizi umejikita katika kuchunguza vipengele mbalimbali vya fani na maudhui. Vipengele vya fani ni muundo, mtindo, wahusika, mandhari na matumizi ya lugha. Aidha kwa upande wa maudhui, vipengele vyake ni dhamira, migogoro, falsafa, ujumbe na msimamo.

Matumizi ya Semi katika Hadithi

Hakiki matumizi ya semi katika hadithi

Uhakiki wa semi katika fasihi umejikita kuangalia usahihi wa matumizi ya vipengele mbalimbali vya lugha katika kazi ya fasihi inayohusika. Vipengele hivyo ni misemo, nahau na mafumbo. Vilevile uhakiki wa semi umejikita katika kuchunguza namna lugha ilivyofuzu kigezo cha kwenda na wakati.

• SOMA TOPIC 5: Usimulizi

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.

Multi-choice questions

Things to remember about multi-choice questions

• Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right. Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong, and three or four others that are similar.  It is important to look carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct  answer.
• Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
• Answer all the questions. Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out on a mark.
• When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.

Short answer questions

Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.

• Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
• Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
• Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
• Try to answer all the questions.  If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.

Exam essay questions

The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation

Time allocation

• Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
• Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
• If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.

Task analysis

• Read the question carefully.
• Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
• Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?

Planning

• Take some time to think and plan your answer. For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
  General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning.
• Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
• General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point. Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with examples, explanations, and evidence.

Presentation

• Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
• Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use.  Incoherent sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker not being able to understand your answer properly.
• Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling. Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and markers usually take this into account given that students are writing under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
• Don't waffle. Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.

Problem solving questions

Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.

• Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
• Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
• If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
• Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.