KISWAHILI Form 2 Topic 6

UANDISHI

Insha za Hoja

Insha za hoja ni insha zinazoelezea jambo fulani katika hali ya kujenga hoja ambazo zinatetea msimamo fulani alionao mwandishi wa insha hiyo juu ya jambo analolizungumzia. Hoja ni maelezo bayana yanayotolewa na mwandishi kutetea msimamo wake.

Katika uandishi wa insha za aina hii, mwandishi hutakiwa kuonesha ni jambo gani ambalo analiunga mkono na ni lipi ambalo hakubaliani nalo.

Ili hoja zote zipate kueleweka ni sharti zipangwe katika mtiririko wa mawazo ulio sahihi kiasi kwamba mtu aisomapo anapata kuelewa ni mada gani mwandishi anaijadili na ana msimamo gani kuhusu mada hiyo.

Muundo wa Insha za Hoja

Elezea muundo wa insha za hoja

Katika uandishi wa insha, muundo wake unakuwa na vitu vifuatavyo:

1. Kichwa cha insha; kichwa cha insha hudokeza kile ulichokijadili katika insha yako. Kwa mfano: Madhara ya matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya n.k
2. Utangulizi; Mambo yaliyopo katika utangulizi ni pamoja na kutoa fasili ya maneno muhimu na kuelezea kwa muhtasari mambo ambayo utakwenda kuyajadili katika insha yako.
3. Kiini cha insha;katika kiini ndipo kuna maelezo ya kina juu ya kile unachokijadili katika insha yako, maelezo haya yanakuwa katika aya kadhaa kulingana na idadi ya hoja ulizonazo katika mjadala wako.
4. Hitimisho; hapa ndipo kuna muhtasari wa kile kilichojadiliwa katika kiini cha insha au inaweza kuwa ni msimamo juu ya kile kilichohadiliwa katika insha.

Barua Rasmi

Dhima ya Barua Rasmi

Elezea dhima ya barua rasmi

Barua rasmi ni barua zinazohusu mambo rasmi ya kiofisi. Dhima za barua rasmi ni kutoa taarifa, kuomba kazi au huduma, kuagiza vitu na kutoa mwaliko kwa mfano kwa kiongozi fulani wa nchi, kutoa malalamiko na kuweka kumbukumbu au marejeo.

Muundo wa Barua Rasmi

Elezea muundo wa barua rasmi

Barua rasmi au barua ya kiofisi/kibiashara huzingatia mtindo rasmi wa barua. Kwa kawaida huwa na sehemu zifuatazo:

1. Anwani ya mwaandishi -huwekwa juu kabisa na huwa katika upande wa kulia wa karatasi.
2. Tarehe ya barua hiyo- tarehe huandikwa chini ya anwani ya mwandishi
3. Anuwani ya mpokeaji- Anwani ya anayeandikiwa huwa katika upande wa kushoto wa karatasi, na huwekwa msitari mmoja chini ya tarehe.
4. Salamu- Chini ya anwani ya mpokeaji, barua huanza kwa kumrejelea mpokeaji kama bwana au bi. Ni makosa kumsalimia mpokeaji wa barua rasmi au kumwuliza hali yake.Ndugu Bwana Meshaki, => taja jina lake ikiwa mnajuana na unayemwandikia. Kwa Bw/Bi, => Ikiwa humjui mpokeaji wa barua, tumia bw/bi
5. Mada- Kichwa cha barua rasmi huja pindi tu baada ya salamu. Hutangulizwa na maneno kama vile YAH:(yahusu). Ni sharti kichwa kiandikwe kwa herufi kubwa na kipigiwe mstari. Kichwa kinapaswa kuwa kifupi na kinachoelezea mada ya barua kiukamilifu.
6. Utangulizi– Hukaa chini kidogo ya mada ya barua. Haya ni maelezo mafupi yasiyozidi aya moja ambayo huelezea kusudi kuu la barua kama kidokezo.
7. Ujumbe- Ujumbe wa barua rasmi lazima uwe mfupi na unaotumia lugha rasmi.
8. Tamati– mwandishi humalizia kwa maneno ya hitimisho kama vile: Wako mwaminifu, [jina], Sahihi

Simu

Dhima ya Simu ya Maandishi

Elezea dhima ya simu ya maandishi

Simu za maandishi ni aina ya barua fupi ambazo husafirishwa kwa haraka sana kuliko barua za kawaida.

Simu hizo huandikwa kwenye fomu maalumu ambazo hutolewa na shirika la posta. Simu za maandishi hujulikana kama telegram.

Kwa kawaida simu za maandishi hutumika kutuma ujumbe wa dharura. Kuandika simu za maandishi ni njia ya haraka ya kufikisha ujumbe kwa sababu, baada ya kuandika simu yako ujumbe humfikia huyo unayemtumia katika muda usiozidi siku tatu.

Gharama za simu za maandishi hutozwa kulingana na idadi ya maneno yaliyotumika. Kwa hiyo ujumbe unaotumwa huandikwa kwa maneno machache ili kuepuka kutozwa gharama kubwa.

Example 1

Mfano wa simu ya maandishi:

MUSA KINGAMBE SLP 5299 DSM

NJOO HARAKA

DADA MGONJWA LINGIDO

Kuandika Simu za Maandishi kwa Kuzingatia Muundo na Taratibu za Uandishi

Andika simu za maandishi kwa kuzingatia muundo na taratibu za uandishi

Muundo wa kuandika simu za maandishi una mambo yafuatayo ya kuzingatia ambayo ni anwani ya mpelekewa taarifa, ujumbe na jina la mwandishi au mtuma simu. Mambo mengine ya kuzingatia ni kuandika maneno yote kwa herufi kubwa ili kurahisisha usomaji na kuandika simu ya maandishi katika karatasi maalumu ambayo hutolewa na posta.

Activity 1

Andika simu za maandishi kwa kuzingatia muundo na taratibu za uandishi

Kadi za Mialiko

Kadi za mialiko ni aina ya karatasi ngumu zinazopeleka taarifa fupi za kumwomba mtu ahudhurie katika sherehe fulani kama vile harusi, ubatizo mahafali n.k

Muundo wa Kadi ya Mialiko

Fafanua muundo wa kadi ya mialiko

Mambo muhimu yanayotakiwa kuonyeshwa katika kadi ya mwaliko:

1. Jina la mwandishi au mwalikaji
2. Jina la mwalikwa, ni muhimu kuandika cheo chake kama vile: Profesa, Bi., Bw. Bw&Bi n.k
3. Lengo la mwaliko
4. Mahali pa kufanyika shughuli
5. Tarehe ya mwaliko
6. Wakati wa shughuli
7. Jina na anwani ya mtu atakayepelekewa majibu.

Mialiko huweza kuandikwa kwa namna mbili yaani kama barua au kadi. Jina la mwalikwa katika kadi ya mwaliko hutakiwa kuanza na maneno ya heshima kama vile Bwana….Bi…..au Ndugu…ikiwa waalikwa ni mume na mke kadi itaanza na Bwana na Bibi.

Example 2

Mfano wa Kadi ya Mwaliko

Familia ya Manyama na Joseph

Wanapenda kukualika/kuwaalika Profesa/Dkt/Shekhe/Padri/Bi/Bw/Bw&Bi……… kwenye harusi ya kijana wao mpendwa Benny Joseph itakayofanyika huko Kiabakari katika ukumbi wa simba siku ya Jumapili tarehe 9/12/2016 sasa 8.00 mchana hadi saa 3.00 usiku

Kufika kwako ndio mafanikio ya sherehe hii.

Majibu kwa (wasiofika tu)

Emmanuel Joseph

Simu: 0786 67 54 62

Uandishi wa Dayalojia

Dhana ya Dayolojia

Elezea dhana ya dayolojia

Dayalojia ni mazungumzo au majibizano baina ya watu wawili au zaidi wanaozungumza kwa kupokezana. Kama zilivyo kazi nyingine za utunagaji, dayalojia inaweza kuwasilishwa kwa nijia ya mazungumzo au maandishi.

Katika kutunga dayalojia mtunzi hana budi kujifanya kama mhusika katika dayalojia hiyo. Kwanza anapaswa kutafakari kwa makini mada anayokusudia kuandikia dayalojia, kutayarisha na kupanga mawazo kimantiki na kwa mtiririko na kufikiria wahusika na kuwapangia majukumu kulingana na matendo yao. Kwa mfano kama mhusika ni mkulima, lugha anayopewa, vifaa anavyosemekana kuvitumia na mandhari aliyomo ni lazima vifanane na hali ya mkulima halisi.

Mambo ya kuzingatia katika dayalojia ni pamoja na haya yafuatayo:

1. Kutoa maelezo ya ufafanuzi katika mabano ili kumfahamisha
2. Kuwa na mazungumzo ya mkato na yasiyozidiana sana kati ya wahusika. Mhusika mmoja asitawale mazungumzo kupita wengine.
3. Kutumia vihisishi ili kufanya dayalojia iwe ya kusisimua
4. Pawepo mwingiliano wa mazungumzo ya wahusika na kudakia maneno ili dayalojia iwe na uhalisia.

Example 3

Mfano wa dayalojia

Wambura:	(Anaonekana mwenye furaha,anamwita rafiki yake, Anna)Wow, Anna! Tumekutana tena, siamini macho yangu! (wanakumbatiana wote wakiwa na nyuso za furaha).
Anna:	(Anatabasamu huku ameshikilia mkono wa kulia wa Wambura, anaonesha shauku kuu)Wambura! Bado unanikumbuka? Nina furaha sana kwa kweli, ni muda mrefu sana.
Wambura:	(Anachekelea)Aaaah, nahisi kama naota Neema, siamini kama nimekutana na wee leo hii ni muda mrefu sana, nimefurahi kwa kweli.
Anna:	(Anachekelea)
Wambura:	Mbona wachekelea tu….

• SOMA TOPIC 7: Usimulizi

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.

Multi-choice questions

Things to remember about multi-choice questions

• Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right. Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong, and three or four others that are similar.  It is important to look carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct  answer.
• Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
• Answer all the questions. Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out on a mark.
• When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.

Short answer questions

Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.

• Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
• Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
• Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
• Try to answer all the questions.  If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.

Exam essay questions

The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation

Time allocation

• Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
• Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
• If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.

Task analysis

• Read the question carefully.
• Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
• Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?

Planning

• Take some time to think and plan your answer. For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
  General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning.
• Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
• General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point. Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with examples, explanations, and evidence.

Presentation

• Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
• Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use.  Incoherent sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker not being able to understand your answer properly.
• Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling. Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and markers usually take this into account given that students are writing under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
• Don't waffle. Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.

Problem solving questions

Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.

• Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
• Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
• If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
• Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.