KISWAHILI Form 2 Topic 7

USIMULIZI

Usimulizi ni jumla ya maelezo yanayotolewa na mtu au watu wengi kuhusu tukio fulani. Tukio hilo linaweza kutokea katika wakati mfupi uliopita au zamani kidogo.

Usimuliaji wa Matukio

Njia za Usimulizi wa Matukio

Fafanua njia za usimulizi wa matukio

Usimulizi hufanyika kwa njia kuu mbili yaani kwa njia ya maandishi na kwa njia ya masimulizi ya mdomo. Kila njia hutegemea kwa namna msimuliaji anavyoweza kuwasiliana na msikilizaji. Ikiwa msimuliaji na msikilizaji hawakukaribiana, njia ambayo itatumika ni ile ya maandishi. Kwa mfano kama utahitaji kumweleza mtu aliyembali kuhusu tukio fulani la kusisimua utalazimika kutumia maandishi, yaani utatumia njia ya kumwandikia barua.

Lakini kama unamsimulia mtu ambaye yupo karibu nawe, utatumia njia ya mazungumzo ya ana kwa ana.

Taratibu za usimulizi wa matukio

Usimulizi wa matukio dhamira yake ni kumweleza mtu au watu tukio ambalo wao hawakulishuhudia. Hivyo katika usimulizi msimuliaji hutakiwa kutoa maelezo muhimu ambayo yatawawezesha watu hao kulielewa tukio linalosimuliwa sawasawa na huyo anayeshuhudia.

Mambo muhimu ya kutaja katika usimulizi wa matukio ni pamoja na haya yafuatayo:

1. Aina ya tukio – msimuliaji atatakiwa kubainisha katika maelezo yake aina ya tukio. Kwa mfano, kama ni harusi, ubatizo, ajali ya barabarani au mkutano.
2. Mahali pa tukio – ili msimuliaji aweze kuielewa habari inayosimuliwa, ni lazima kumwelewesha ni mahali gani tukio hilo limetokea. Kwa mfano, kama ni mjini inafaa kutaja hata jina la mtaa.
3. Wakati – katika usimulizi ni muhimu pia kutaja muda ambao tukio limetendeka kama ni asubuhi, mchana au jioni bila kusahau kutaja muda halisi yaani ilikuwa saa ngapi.
4. Wahusika wa tukio – ni muhimu kutaja tukio limehusisha watu gani, wingi wao, jinsia yao, umri wao n.k.
5. Chanzo cha tukio – kila tukio lina chanzo chake hivyo ni muhimu kutajwa katika usimulizi.
6. Athari za tukio – athari za tukio nazo ni sharti zibainishwe. Kama ni ajali, je watu wangapi wameumia; wangapi wamepoteza maisha n.k.
7. Hatima ya tukio – msimuliaji katika usimulizi wake ni lazima abainishe baada ya tukio kutokea na kushughulikiwa hatima yake ilikuwaje. Kwa mfano, kama tukio ni ajali ya barabarani hatima yake inaweza kuwa majeruhi kupelekwa hospitalini na dereva aliyehusika kukamatwa.

Kwa hiyo misingi hii ya usimulizi hufanya usimulizi wa tukio kuwa na sehemu kuu tatu:

• Utangulizi – sehemu hii huwa na maelezo tu ya utangulizi ambayo hulenga kuvuta hisia na umakini wa msikilizaji au wasikilizaji. Kwa kawaida utangulizi wa tukio huwa ni maneno machache kiasi yasiyozodi aya moja.
• Kiini – kiini cha usimulizi huelezea tukio halisi kuanzia chanzo chake, wahusika, muda, mahali na athari za tukio.
• Mwisho – mwisho wa usimulizi ni matokeo yanayoonyesha matokeo ya mwisho ya tukio linalohusika, wakati mwingine matukio haya yanaweza kuambatana na maelezo ya msimuliaji kuhusu mtazamo au maoni yake binafsi juu ya tukio ambalo amesimulia.

Mbinu za usimulizi

Ili habari inayosimuliwa ipate kueleweka vizuri, sharti msimuliaji ajue mbinu za kusimulia katika hali inayovuta hisia za msikilizaji wake.

Baadhi ya mbinu hizo ni uigizi, utumizi wa lugha fasaha inayozingatia lafudhi sahihi ya Kiswahili.

Kwa upande wa uigizi msimuliaji atatakiwa kuigiza mambo muhimu yanayohusiana na tukio ambalo anasimulia. Nayo ni kama vile milio, sauti na matendo.

Kwa upande wa usimulizi ambao unafanyika kwa njia ya maandishi, sharti usimulizi huo uwe na kichwa cha habari. Kichwa cha habari kinatakiwa kuandikwa kwa maneno yasiyozidi matano, yaliyoandikwa kwa herufi kubwa.

Kwa vile usimulizi wa tukio huwa unahusu tukio lililopita, maelezo yake mengi huwa katika wakati uliopita.

• SOMA TOPIC 8: Ufahamu

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.

Multi-choice questions

Things to remember about multi-choice questions

• Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right. Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong, and three or four others that are similar.  It is important to look carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct  answer.
• Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
• Answer all the questions. Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out on a mark.
• When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.

Short answer questions

Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.

• Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
• Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
• Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
• Try to answer all the questions.  If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.

Exam essay questions

The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation

Time allocation

• Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
• Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
• If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.

Task analysis

• Read the question carefully.
• Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
• Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?

Planning

• Take some time to think and plan your answer. For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
  General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning.
• Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
• General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point. Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with examples, explanations, and evidence.

Presentation

• Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
• Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use.  Incoherent sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker not being able to understand your answer properly.
• Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling. Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and markers usually take this into account given that students are writing under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
• Don't waffle. Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.

Problem solving questions

Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.

• Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
• Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
• If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
• Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.