KISWAHILI Form 3 Topic 6

UANDISHI WA INSHA NA MATANGAZO

Uandishi wa Insha za Kisanaa

Misingi ya Kuandika Insha

Elezea misingi ya kuandika insha

Insha za kisanaa ni insha zinazoelezea mambo ya kawaida katika jamii lakini kwa kutumia lugha ya kisanaa. Lugha ya kisanaa ni pamoja na matumizi ya tamathali za semi, misemo nahau, methali na taswira.

Muundo wa Insha

Kwa kawaida insha inakuwa na sehemu kuu nne: kichwa cha insha, utangulizi, kiini na hitimisho.

1. Kichwa cha insha;Kichwa cha insha hudokeza kile utachokijadili katika insha yako, hubainisha wazo kuu la mada inayohusika. Kwa kawaida kichwa cha insha huandikwa kwa sentensi fupi. Mfano; maisha ya kijijini, mimba za utotoni.
2. Utangulizi;Mambo yaliyopo katika utangulizi ni pamoja na kutoa fasili ya maneno muhimu na kuelezea kwa muhtasari mambo ambayo utakwenda kuyajadili katika insha yako. Utangulizi unakuwa katika aya moja fupi.
3. Kiini cha insha; Katika kiini ndipo kuna maelezo ya kina juu ya kile unachokijadili katika insha yako, maelezo haya yanakuwa katika aya kadhaa kulingana na idadi ya hoja ulizonazo katika mjadala wako.
4. Hitimisho; Hapa ndipo kuna muhtasari wa kile kilichojadiliwa katika kiini cha insha au inaweza kuwa ni msimamo juu ya kile kilichojadiliwa katika insha.

Insha za Kisanaa

Andika insha za kisanaa

Insha ya kisanaa ni ile inayotumia lugha ya kisanaa yaani yenye tamathali za semi kama vile sitiari, tashbiha, taniaba na mubalagha. Aidha insha ya kisanaa hutumia mbinu nyingine za kisanaa kama tashititi, takriri, na tanakali sauti. Vilevile insha za kisanaa huwa na lugha zenye mvuto na misemo kama nahau, methali na tamathali za semi.

Activity 1

Andika insha za kisanaa

Uandishi wa Matangazo

Tangazo ni taarifa za wazi zinazotoa ujumbe fulani kwa walengwa wanaohusika na ujumbe huo. Ujumbe unaweza kuwa na lengo la kushawishi, kuarifu, kuelekeza, na kadhalika.

Vipengele vya Kuzingatiwa katika Uandishi wa Mtangazo

Elezea vipengele vya kuzingatiwa katika uandishi wa matangazo

Malengo ya matangazo

• Kutoa taarifa;Lengo mojawapo la matangazo ni kutoa taarifa, mfano wa matangazo yanayotoa taarifa ni mialiko, tangazo la kifo, alama za barabarani, matangazo ya kazi.
• Kuonya; Matangazo pia yana lengo la kuonya, kwa mfano matangazo kama vile ya kutovuta sigara, UKIMWI na kadhalika.
• Kushawishi; Matangazo pia yana lengo la kushawishi, matangazo yenye lengo hili mara nyingi ni matangazo ya biashara ambayo kwa kweli lengo lake ni kushawishi wateja ili wanunue bidhaa zao, mtangazo ya mialiko hasahasa ya tukio fulani, labda msanii anazindua albamu fulani na kadhalika.

Jinsi ya kuandika matangazo

Ili tangazo liweze kufanikisha kufikia lengo lililokusudiwa kuna mambo kadhaa ya kufanya; mambo hayo ni kama yafuatayo:

• Kichwa cha habari; Mara nyingi matangazo yanakuwa na kichwa cha habari, hii inasaidia kujua kwa haraka kuwa tangazo linahusika na kitu gani.
• Kuonesha aina ya bidhaa/huduma; Hiki ndicho kiini cha tangazo, hapa tangazo linaonesha ujumbe uliokusudiwa kufikishwa kwa wahusika, sasa ujumbe huu waweza kuwa ni bidhaa inayotangazwa au huduma inayotolewa au kazi inayotangazwa au mwaliko unahusu nini.
• Anwani; Hapa tangazo linaonesha mahali ambapo watoa tangazo walipo, yaani ofisi zao zilipo ambapo wahusika wa tangazo wanaweza kwenda na kuwakuta. Kama ni tangazo la mwaliko basi ni lazima lionesha shughuli yenyewe itafanyika wapi.
• Njia za mawasiliano; Kama ni tangazo la biashara au la kazi au la mwaliko ni muhimu kutoa mawasiliano. Mawasiliano hayo yanaweza kuwa ni namba ya simu, fax, wavuti (kwa taarifa zaidi), barua pepe.

Mbinu za uandishi wa matangazo

Ili tangazo liweze kuvuta umakini wa watu ni lazima liwe na mwonekanao fulani. Zifuatazo ni mbinu za uandishi wa matangazo.

• Matumizi ya picha;Matangazo mengi ya biashara huwa yanaambatana na picha, picha hizi hujaribu kumshawishi mteja aamini kuwa ile bidhaa ni bora na hivyo ni muhimu kuwa nayo au kuinunua.
• Maneno machache; Matangazo hutumia maneno machache kwa lengo la kutomchosha mlengwa lakini wakati huohuo maneno hayo yana nguvu ya kumshawishi mlengwa.
• Lugha ya kisanii; Maneno ya kisanii katika matangazo huwa ni mepesi kukumbukwa na huwa yanaeleweka kirahisi. Kwa mfano, matumizi ya vivumishi, litakuwa ni bonge la shoo, njoo ujinunulie pamba za ukweli, n.k. Matumizi ya mubalagha, kwa mfano; mtandao unaoongoza Tanzania, mganga bingwa afrika mashariki na kati n.k
• Matumizi ya watu maarufu;Matangazo mengi hususani ya biashara hupenda kutumia watu maarufu ili kuwashawishi walengwa. Kwa mfano kama ni tangazo juu ya bidhaa fulani, huweza kumwonesha pengine msanii maarufu, miss Tanzania, au mchezajia mpira maarufu. Sasa mlengwa anapoona kwamba hata mtu maarufu anatumia hiyo bidhaa, anashawishika na yeye kuitumia

• SOMA TOPIC 7: Kusoma Kwa Ufahamu
  

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.

Multi-choice questions

Things to remember about multi-choice questions

• Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right. Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong, and three or four others that are similar.  It is important to look carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct  answer.
• Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
• Answer all the questions. Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out on a mark.
• When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.

Short answer questions

Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.

• Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
• Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
• Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
• Try to answer all the questions.  If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.

Exam essay questions

The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation

Time allocation

• Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
• Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
• If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.

Task analysis

• Read the question carefully.
• Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
• Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?

Planning

• Take some time to think and plan your answer. For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
  General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning.
• Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
• General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point. Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with examples, explanations, and evidence.

Presentation

• Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
• Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use.  Incoherent sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker not being able to understand your answer properly.
• Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling. Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and markers usually take this into account given that students are writing under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
• Don't waffle. Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.

Problem solving questions

Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.

• Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
• Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
• If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
• Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.