Friday, January 6, 2023

ACCOUNTANCY FORM FIVE TOPIC 1: NATURE AND CONTEXT OF ACCOUNTING

  Eli-express       Friday, January 6, 2023

A brief history of Accounting

The history of accounting is thousands of years old and can be traced to ancient civilizations. The early development of accounting dates back to ancient Mesopotamia and is closely related to developments in writing, counting, and money

There is also evidence of early forms of bookkeeping in ancient Iran, and early auditing systems by the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. By the time of Emperor Augustus, the Roman government had access to detailed financial information.

Double-entry bookkeeping was pioneered in the Jewish community of the early-medieval Middle East and was further refined in medieval Europe. With the development of joint-stock companies, accounting split into financial accounting and management accounting.

The Meaning of the term “Accounting”:

What is accounting?

Accounting or accountancy is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial and nonfinancial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations.

Accounting, which has been called the “language of business “measures the results of an organization’s economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators.

Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms “accounting” and “financial reporting” are often used as synonyms.

Accounting can be divided into several fields including:-
  • 1. Financial Accounting.
  • 2. Management Accounting.
  • 3. Government Accounting.

1. Financial Accounting:-

is the field of accounting concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions related to a business. This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public use. Stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, >government agencies, business owners, and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes.

2. Management Accounting:-

One simple definition of management accounting is the provision of financial and non-financial decision-making information to managers.

According to the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA): “Management accounting is a profession that involves partnering in management decision making, devising planning and performance management systems, and providing expertise in financial reporting and control to assist management in the formulation and implementation of an organization’s strategy”.

Management accountants (also called managerial accountants) look at the events that happen in and around a business while considering the needs of the business. From this, data and estimates emerge.

Cost accounting is the process of translating these estimates and data into knowledge that will ultimately be used to guide decision-making. 

3. Government Accounting:-

Sometimes an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an intelligence agency.

There is a notable variety of agency types. Although usage differs, a government agency is normally distinct both from a department or ministry, and other types of public body established by government.

The functions of an agency are normally executive in character, since different types of organizations (such as commissions) are most often constituted in an advisory role—this distinction is often blurred in practice however, it is not allowed.

A government agency may be established by either a national government or a state government within a federal system. The term is not normally used for an organization created by the powers of a local government body.

Agencies can be established by legislation or by executive powers. The autonomy, independence and accountability of government agencies also vary widely.

ILLUSTRATION   

In July 2009 a Rajabu started a tailoring shop. The following are his transactions for the first week.

July 1:      He opened the shop with invested capital consisting of sewing machine of 50,000/= and 3,000/= in cash

July 2:      He bought tread, needles and other sewing supplies costing 500/=

July 3:      He completed a shirt for a customer and received 400/= for his Services.

July 4:      His neighbor Mr. Jumanne asked him to repair 2 pairs of trousers which he has done. He was promised to be paid 300/= at the end of the month.

July5:       He sewed a baby’s and was paid 200/= by the baby’s mother.

July 6:      He bought chairs for his shop from Mwenye Furniture for 2,000/= on  credit.

POINT TO NOTE:-

1. We   DR: What comes in

CR: What goes out

2. We   DR: received

CR: giver

  • Requirement:

1. Journalise

2. Open relevant ledger a/c

3. Draw a trial balance

ANSWER
JOURNAL ENTRIES

>

LEDGERS

DR.  SEWING  MACHINE A/C   CR
July 1: Capital 50,000 July 31st: Bal. C/d 50,000

50,000 50,000
August 1: Bal b/d 50,000





DR   CR CASH  A/C  

July 1:   Capital 3,000 July 2nd Sewing equipment  500
3rd July   Sales 400

5th July     Sales 200 31st July 2009 Balance c/d  3,100

3600
 3,600
August 1: Bal b/d  3,100

DR  CAPITAL A/C   CR            

31st July Balance c/d 53,000 1st July Sewing machine  50,000


 1st July Cash  3,000

53,000
 53,000


1st August Balance b/d  53,000

DR  SEWING SUPPLIES  A/C   CR

2nd July: Cash 500 July 31st Bal. C/d 500

500
500
1st August   Balance b/d 500





DR.  SALES  A/C  CR

31st July 2009 Shirt Bal c/d 900 3rd July       Cash 400


4th July     Debtors 300


5th July 200

900
900


1/1/2010Balance b/d 900




TRIAL BALANCEAS AT 31ST DECEMBER 2009
DETAILS
DEBIT
CREDIT
Cash

Sales

Capital

Sewing equipments

Debtors

Chairs

Sewing machine

Mwenge Furniture

  3,100

500

300

2,000

50,000

55900

90053,000

2,000

55900

DR. TRADING, PROFIT AND LOSS A/C FOR THE YEAR ENDED    31ST DEC 2009   CR                                                                                        
Purchases 500 Sales 900
Gross profit c/d 400


900
900
Net profit 400 Gross profit b/d 400
BALANCE SHEET (EXTRACT)
Capital 53,000 Fixed Assets:-
Add: Net profit 400 Machine 50,000

53,400 Chairs 2,000
Liabilities:-   Current Assets:

Trade creditors 2,000 Debtors 300


Cash 3,100

55,400
55,400




EXAMPLE

Record the following transaction in journal entries, open ledgers, close ledgers, prepare trial balance :-

1. Purchase of Tshs. 100,000/= of goods on credit.

2. Withdrawal of Tshs. 10,000 cash by the owner for his birthday party.

3. Collection of Tshs. 10,000/= from Imamu Jones who is a credit customer of the firm.

4. Return of 10,000/= of goods to a supplier because there are faulty. The original purchase was on credit terms

5. Payment of Tshs. 150,000/= by the business to a supplier or account of an amount due to the supplier.

6. Purchase of machinery for Tshs. 300,000/= on credit

7. Additional cash of Tshs. 100,000 invested in the business by the proprietor

8. Payment of Tshs. 120,000/= in cash for goods supplied

9. Got a loan of Tshs.1,000,000/= from NBC through a bank account at Ubungo branch.

JOURNAL ENTRY

LEDGERS

DR  CASH  A/C  CR  

July 1st Imamu Jones 10,000 July 2 Drawing 10,000
July 7Capital 100,000 July 5 Creditor 150,000
July 9 Loan(NBC) 1000,000 July 8 Purchases 120,000


July 31 Balance c/d 830,000

1,110,000 1,110,000
 Aug 1 Balance b/d  830,000 Balance   b/d

DR  PURCHASES  A/C  CR

Creditors 100,000

Cash 120,000 Balance c/d 220,000

220,000
220,000
Balance b/d 220,000

DR   CREDITORS   A/C  CR      

Returns 10,000
100,000
Cash 150,000 Machinery 300,000
Balance c/d 250,000 Cash 10,000

410,000
410,000


Balance     b/d 250,000

TRIAL BALANCE EXTRACT

DETAILS
DEBIT
CREDIT
Cash 830,000  
Purchases 220,000
Creditors
250,000
Loan (NBC)
1,000,000
Machinery 300,000
Return outward 10,000
Capital
100,000
Drawings
10,000

1,360,000 1,360,000

EXERCISE

DaktariJaribu , DDS , her own dental practice . Her books had the followings accounts and balances as of 1st October.

Cash Tshs. 341,200/=, Debtors Sh. 597,500/=, office supplies Tshs. 39,000/=, Equipment Tshs. 3,012,500/=, Surgery supplies Tshs. 155,000/=, Creditors Tshs. 96,500/=, Capital Tshs. 4,048,700.

Following are the transactions in the practice of her profession during October.

Oct. 1: Paid office rent for October Tshs.  80,000/=

2: Purchased equipment on credit Tshs.  290,000/=

3: Purchased X – ray film and other surgery supplies on credit Tshs. 25,000/=

5: Received cash on account from patients Tshs, 472,500/=

9: Paid cash to creditors Tshs. 175,000/=

14: Paid cash for renewal of insurance policy Tshs. 51,000/=

17: Paid from the business bank account Tshs. 170,000/= being personal and family expenses.

20: Paid invoices for laboratory analyses Tshs. 31,500/=

22: Cash received from cash paying patients Tshs 295,000/=

24: Paid miscellaneous expenses Tshs. 11,200

26: Paid electricity bills Tshs. 32,500/=

30: Recorded all fees charged to credit patients for service performed during October Tshs. 571,500/=

30:   Recorded use of Tshs. 55,000/= worth of surgery supplied.

Required:

(a) Open ledger accounts and insert opening balances.

(b) Record the above transactions in a two column journal

(c) Post the journal to the ledger and

(d) Balance off the ledger

(e) Extract a trial balance

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