Friday, January 6, 2023

ACCOUNTANCY FORM FIVE TOPIC 4: DEPRECIATION AND DISPOSAL OF FIXED ASSETS

  Eli-express       Friday, January 6, 2023

Depreciation

Is that part of the original cost of a non–current asset that is consumed during its period of use by the business, OR Is the fall in the value of an asset.

Causes of Depreciation:

1. Physical deterioration:-

1. Wear and tear.

2. Erosion , rust and decay.

2. Economic factors:-

1. Obsolescence.

2. Inadequacy.

3. Time.

4. Depletion.

METHODS OF CALCULATING DEPRECIATION CHARGES:-

(i)   Straight line method:

In this method, the number of years of use is estimated. The cost is then divided by the number of years.

Example

If a van was bought for 22,000 and we thought we could keep it for four years and then sell it for 2,000. What depreciation to be charged each year would be?.

(disposal value)/(Estimated number of year).

Depreciation = (22,000-2,000)/4  = 20,000/4  =   5,000/=

Therefore, Depreciation to be per year is 5,000/=

(ii)   Reducing balance method:-

In this method, a fixed percentage for depreciation is deducted from the cost  in the first year. In the second and the third years the same percentage is taken of the reduced balance.

This method is also known as “Diminishing balance method” A machine is bought for 10,000/= and depreciation is to be charged at 20%. The calculations of the first three years would be as follows:-

cost
 10,000
1st year Depreciation (20%)  -2,000

Remaining value 1st year   8,000
2nd year Depreciation (20%) of 8,000  -1,600

Remaining value 2nd year    6,400
3rd year Depreciation (20%) of 6,400  -1,280

Remaining value 3rd year   5,120
(iii) Units of output method:-

This method establishes the total expected units of output expected from the assets. Depreciation, based on cost less salvage value, is then calculated for the period by taking that period units of output as a proportion of the total expected output over the life of the asset.

A machine which is expected to be able to produce 10,000 widgets over its useful life. It has cost 6,000/= and has an expected salvage value of 1,000/=. In year 1 a total of 1500/= widgets are produced and in year 2 the production is 2500 widgets.

(Cost – salvage value) x  { Period’s production Total expected production}

Year  1:  (6000 – 1000 )  x   (31500)

10,000

= 5000 x 3/20 = 1500 = 750

Year 2:   5000 x 2,500

= 10000

= 1,250

= Year 1: = 750/= Depreciation

= Year 2:   = 1,250/= Depreciation

(iv)  Sum of years digit method:-

Given an asset costing 3,000/= which will be in use for five years, the calculation will be:-

Sum of years digit   = n/2 (n + 1)

= 5/2 (5 +1)

= 5/2 x 6 = 15

1styear : 5/15 x 3000 = 1,000

2nd year: 4/15 x 3,000 =   800

3nd year: 3/15 x 3,000 =   600

4th year: 2/15 x 3,000 =   400

5th year: 1/15 x 3,000 =   200

3,000

(v) Depletion unit method:-

A quarry was bought for 5000/= and it was expected to contain 1,000 tonnes of salable materials, then for each tonne taken out we would depreciate it by 5/=,(Since 5000 ÷ 1,000) = 5. This can be shown as;

(cost of asset)/(Expected total contents in units) x Number of units taken

(vi) Machine hour method:-

With a machine the depreciation provision may be based on the number of hours that the machine was operated during the period compared with the total expected running hours during the machines life with the business.

ASSIGNMENT:

A Company, which makes up its financial statements annually to 31st DEC, provides for depreciation of its machinery at the rate of 15% per annum using the reducing balance method.

On 31/12/2008, the machinery consisted of three items purchased as shown:-

On 1st January 2006   (Machine A)  2,000
On 1st September 2001 (Machine B)  4,000
On 1st May 2008 (Machine C)  3,000

Required:

Your calculations showing the depreciation provision for the year 2008.

Calculations:


Machine A Machine B Machine C
Bought on 1.1.2006 2,000

15% × 2,000  -300


1,700

Bought on 1.9.2006
4,000
15% × 1,700   -255

15% × 4,000 × 4/12
  -200

1,445 3,800
Bought on 1.5.2007

3,000
15% × 1,445


15% × 3,800

15% × 3,000 × 8/12
  -300

1,228 3,230 2,700
ASSIGNMENT

A machine which cost Tshs. 200,000 is to be depreciating at the rate of 20% p.a. On the straight line method. Assuming this machine was purchased on 1st January 19-7. Show the entries to record this as at 31st Dec 19-7, 19-8 and 19 – 9, by applying two alternative methods.

Workings:-

Straight line method:-

19 – 7: 200,000 x 20,000 = 40,000

19 – 8: 200,000 x 20/100 = 40,000

19 – 9: 200,000 x 20/100 = 40’000

METHOD 1:

ENTRIES IN THE ASSET A/C

DR.    MACHINERY  A/C  CR

1.1.1997 cash 200,000 31.12.1997 P&L 40,000



31.12.1997 Balance c/d 160,000


200,000

200,000
1.1.1998 Balance b/d 160,000 31.12.1998 P&L 40,000



31.12.1998 Balance c/d 120,000


160,000

160,000
1.1.1999 Balance b/d 120,000 31.12.1999 P&L 40,000



31.12.1999 Balance c/d 80,000


120,000

120,000
1.1.2000 Balance b/d 80,000


DR   PROFIT AND LOSS A/C (EXTRACT)    CR

31.12.1997 Depreciation 40,000
31.12.1998 Depreciation 40,000
31.12.1999 Depreciation 40,000

BALANCE SHEET


31.12.1997 Machinery                 160,00031.12.1998 Machinery                 120,000

31. 12. 1999 Machinery                 80,000

 METHOD 2:

DR  MACHINERY A/C  CR

1.1.1997     Cash 200,000 31.12.1997     Balance c/d  200,000
1.1.1998     Balance b/d 200,000 31.12.1998     Balance c/d  200,000
1.1.1999     Balance b/d 200,000 31.12.1999     Balance c/d  200,000

PROVISIONS FOR DEPRECIATION

DR       PROVISION FOR DEPRECIATION  A/C    CR

31.12.1997     Balance c/d 40,000 31.12.1997   P&L    40,000


1.1.1998      Balance b/d    40,000
31.12.1998     Balance c/d 80,000 31.12.1998   P&L    40,000

80,000                                  80,000
31.12.1999     Balance c/d 120,000 1.1.1999      Balance b/d    80,000


31.12.1999   P&L    40,000

120,000                                                   120,000

PROFIT AND LOSS A/C (EXTRACT)

31.12. 1997 Provision for depreciation  40,000
31.12.1998 Prov. for depreciation  40,000
31.12.1999 Provision for depreciation  40,000

BALANCE SHEET (EXTRACT)


ASSETS



NON-CURRENT ASSETS



31.12.1997 Machinery 200,000


Less: Provision for depreciation   40,000 160,000

31.12.1998 Machinery 200,000


Less: Provision for depreciation   80,000 120,000

31.12. 1999 Machinery 200,000


Less: Provision for depreciation 120,000   80,000

DISPOSAL OF A NON-CURRENT ASSET:-

Accounting treatment:-

1. When we buy assets:-

DR: Asset a/c.

CR: Cash / Bank / Creditor.

2. Annual provision for depreciation:-

DR: P &L

CR: Provision for depreciation

3. When asset sold / disposal :-

1st step: DR: Disposal a/c at cost.

CR: Asset a/c

2nd step:   Dr. Cash / Bank} Selling price of the asset

Cr. Disposal

3rd step:   Dr. Provision for depreciation} with the amount of Prov.

Cr. Disposal  for depreciation Of the asset sold.

4th step:     Dr. P & L   }  In case of loss on disposal.

Cr. Disposal.

Or

Dr. Disposal }  In case of gain on disposal.

Cr. P & L

A machine bought on 1.1.2008 for 1,000,000 and sold on 1.1.2010 for 500,000. Depreciation per annum is 10% on straight line method.

Draw up:   – Disposal a/c

-Provision for depreciation a/c
-P & L a/c

DR   MACHINERY  A/C  CR

1.1.1998     Cash 1,000,000 31.12.2008 Balance c/d  1,000,000
1.1. 2009   Balance b/d 1,000,000 31.12.2009 Balance c/d  1,000,000
1.1.2010   Balance b/d 1,000,000 1.1.2010           Disposal  1,000,000




  DR.  PROVISION   FOR    DEPRECIATION   A/C   CR

31.12.2008    Balance c/d 100,000 31.12.2008    P & L 100,000
31.12. 2009   Balance c/d 200,000 1.1 .2009       Balance b/d 100,000


31.12.2009     P & L 100,000

200,000                                                  200,000
1.1.2010        Disposal 2,000,000 1.1.2010        Balance b/d 200,000




DR  DISPOSAL     A/C   CR

1.1.2010 Machine 1,000,000 1.1.2010 Cash/Bank  500,000




Provision for depreciation  200,000




P&L  300,000


1,000,000
                    1,000,000






ASSIGNMENT

1. A motor vehicle was purchased for Tshs. 400,000 on 1st January 1996. Depreciation was to be provided at the rate of 25% per annum on diminishing balance method. Show the entries as 31.12.1996, 1997, and 1998 in the following a/c.

(a)       Motor vehicle a/c.

(b)       Provision for depreciation on motor vehicle a/c.

(c)       P & L a/c (Extract).

(d)       Balance sheet (Extract).

2. Best view hotel had crockery valued at sh. 65,000 on 1.1.1987. During 1987, they purchased some more crockery for sh. 50,000 and on 31.12.1987; it was valued at Sh. 100,000. Calculate the depreciation charge of crockery for the year ending 31.12.1987 and show the entries in the relevant a/c’ s.

3.  Kilimanjaro Company Limited acquired the following fixed assets during 1986.

(a) Furniture and fitting for Tshs. 10,000. These are expected to be depreciation at 20% per annum. Date of purchase 1.1.1986.

(b) Premises on a 99 years lease for Tshs. 198,000. Date of acquisition 17:1986.

(c) Motor van for Tshs. 45,000. It is expected to have a useful life of 7 years and leave a scrap value of shs. 3,000. Date of purchase 1.09.1986.

The company has no other fixed assets. It maintains a provision for depreciation a/c for each fixed asset.

you are required to calculate the following:-  

1. The balance on motor van a/c on 31.12.1987.

2. The balance of provisions for depreciation on furniture and fittings a/c on 31.12.1987.

3. The book value of premises on 31.12.1987.

4. The amount of depreciation charged to profit and loss a/c on all fixed assets at the end of 1987.

5. On 1st January 1986 Kahawa Transporters LTD, purchased three motor vehicle costing Tshs. 108,000 each. The useful life of these vehicles was estimated to be  five years with a disposal value of shs. 8,000 for each vehicle.

The company’s normal practice is to use straight line method for depreciation.
One of the vehicles was damaged in an accident and was sold on 1.1.1986 for Tshs. 45,000.

Required:

Prepare the following a/c for the three years ended 31.12.1986, 1987, and 1988:-

1. Motor vehicle a/c.

2. Motor vehicle disposal a/c.

3. Provision for depreciation on Motor vehicle a/c.

The following transactions relate to AJS limited in respect of plant and machinery:-

1. On 1st March 1986 machine M. 5 purchased for Tshs. 120,000. The estimated useful life being 5 years and having a residual value of sh.20, 000.

2. On 1.1. 1987 machine M.6 purchased for Tshs. 180,000. The estimated useful life being 7 years and having a residual value of Tshs. 40,000.

3. On 1.9.1988 machine M.5 was given a part exchange for machine M.7, the allowance being sh. 40,000, machine M.7 costs Tshs 200,000 will an estimated useful life of 10 years and having a residual value of sh. 60,000.

Assume full depreciation expenses in the year of purchase, and ignore depreciation in the year of sale.

Required:-

Plant and machinery a/c and the related depreciation and disposal a/c in respect of the three years ending 31.12.1989.

WORKINGS/SOLUTIONS

FOR ASSIGNMENT. 1

DR   MOTOR VEHICLE A/C   CR

1.1.1996       Cash 400,000 31.12.1996   Balance c/d  400,000
1.1.1997       Balance b/d 400,000 31.12.1997   Balance c/d  400,000
1.1.1998       Balance b/d 400,000 31.12.1998   Balance c/d  400,000
1.1.1999       Balance b/d 400,000

DR PROVISION FOR DEPRECIATION   A/C                       CR

31.12.1996      Balance c/d 100,000 31.12.1996    P&L  100,000


1.1.1997       Balance b/d  100,000
31.12.1997      Balance c/d 175,000 31.12.1997    P&L    75,000

175,000                                              175,000
31.12.1998      Balance c/d 231,250 1.1.1998        Balance b/d  175,000
                                                       31.12.1998     P&L    56,250

231,250                                           231,250


1.1.1999         Balance b/d  231,250

DR. PROFIT AND LOSS A/C (EXTRACT)        CR

31.12.1996    Prov. for depreciation 100,000
31.12.1997    Prov. for depreciation 75,000
31.12.1998    Prov. for depreciation 56,250



BALANCE SHEET (EXTRACT)

31.12.1996 Motor vehicle 400,000

Less: Depreciation 100,000 300,000
31.12.1997 Motor vehicle 400,000

Less : Depreciation 175,000 225,000
31.12.1998 Motor vehicle 400,000

Less :Depreciation 231,250 168,750




 Other method
SINKING   FUND

According to this method, the amount charged by way of depreciation is invested in a certain securities carrying a particular rate of interest.

The amount received from an account of interest from this security is also invested from time to time together with annual amount charged by way of depreciation.

At the end of useful life of the asset, when replacement is required, the securities are sold away and money realized on account of the sale of securities is used for the purchase of a new asset.

ACCOUNTING ENTRIES

1. On setting aside the amount of depreciation;

DR: Depreciation a/c or P+L a/c

CR: Depreciation Fund a/c

Note: The amount to be charged by way of depreciation is determined on the basis of the sinking fund table.

For investing the money charged by way of depreciation;

DR: Depreciation Fund Investment a/c

CR: Bank a/c.

(b) At the end of each sub sequence accounting year:-

(i)  For receipt of interest

DR: Bank a/c

CR: Depreciation Fund a/c

(ii) For setting aside the amount of depreciation:-

DR: P & L a/c

CR: Depreciation Fund a/c

(iii) For investing money:-

DR: Depreciation fund investment a/c

CR: Bank (annual installment + Interest received)

2.  At the end of last year, for the receipt of interest;
DR:   P & L

CR:   Depreciation

3. For setting aside the amount of depreciation:-

DR: P & L

CR: Depreciation

4. For the sale of Investment:-

DR: Bank.

CR: Depreciation Fund investment a/c.

The profit or loss on the sale of depreciation Fund investment will be transferred to a depreciation Fund a/c

For the sale of old asset;

DR: Bank

CR: Assets

The balance on the depreciation Fund represents accumulated depreciation. It will be transferred to the old assets a/c.

The proceeds or the sales realized on the a/c of it sale and investment will be utilized in the purchase of the new assets.

DR     New asset

CR:   Bank

ILLUSTRATION (1)

Sunshine Company Ltd bought a plant on 1.1.2005 for a sum of Tshs 100,000/= having a useful life of 5 years. It is estimated that the plant has the scrap value of Tshs 16,000/= at the end of its useful life.

Sunshine Co. decided to charge depreciation according to depreciation fund method. The depreciation fund invest are expected to earn an interest of 5% p.a. The sink Fund table shows that Tshs 0.180975. If invested yearly at 5% p.a produce Tshs 1 at the end of 5 years.

The investments are sold at the end of 5th year. For sum Tshs 65,000 A new plant was purchased for Tshs 120,000 on 1.12010. The scrap of the old plant realizes Tshs 17,000. You are required to prepare:-

1. Plant a/c
2. New plant a/c
3. Depreciation plant a/c
4. Depreciation Fund investment a/c

  DR   PLANT A/C  CR

1.1.2005       cash 1,000,000 31.12.2005   balance     c/d  1,000,000
1.1.2006       balance b/d 1,000,000 31.12.2006   balance     c/d  1,000,000
1.1.2007       balance b/d 1,000,000 31.12.2007   balance     c/d  1,000,000
1.1.2008       balance b/d 1,000,000 31.12.2008   balance     c/d  1,000,000
1.1.2009       balance b/d 1,000,000 31.12.2009   balance     c/d  1,000,000
1.1.2010       balance b/d 1,000,000

DR   DEPRECIATION FUND A/C  CR

DR.   DEPRECIATION AND INVESTMENT A/C    CR

2005               Bank 15,202 31.12.2005    Balance c/d  15,202
1.1.2006         Balance b/d 15,202

                      Bank (15202+760) 15,962 31.12.2006   Balance c/d  31,164

31,164
 31,164
1.1.2007         Balance b/d 31,164

                      Bank (15,202+1558 ) 32,722 31.12.2007   Balance c/d  63,886

63,886
 63,886
1.1.2008         Balance b/d 63,886

                      Bank (63886+2396) 66,282 31.12.2008   Balance c/d  130,168

130,168
 130,168
1.1.2009         Balance b/d 130,168

                      Bank(130,168+3276) 133,444 31.12.2009   Balance   c/d  263,612

263,612
 263,612
1.1.2010         Balance b/d 263,612





DR   DEPRECIATION FUND INVESTMENT A/C  CR

2005            Bank 15,202 31.12.2005     Balance c/d 15,202
01.01.2006   Balance b/d 15,202 31.12.2006     Balance c/d 31,164
                   Bank (15202+760) 15,962


31,164
31,164
1.1.2007      Balance b/d 31,164

                   Bank (15202+1558) 16,760 31.12.2007    Balance c/d 47,924

47,924
47,924
1.1.2008      Balance b/d 47,924

                   Bank (15202 + 2396) 17,598 31.12.2008    Balance   c/d 65,522

65,522
65,522
1.1.2009      Balance b/d 65,522 31.12.2009    Balance  c/d 83,100
                   Bank 17,578


83,100
83,100
1.1.2010      Balance b/d

READ TOPIC 7
83,100

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