Ufahamu wa kusoma ni ule mtu anaoupata kwa njia ya kusoma makala, kifungu cha habari, kitabu au gazeti.
Kusoma kwa Sauti kwa kuzingatia Lafudhi ya Kiswahili
Soma kwa sauti kwa kuzingatia lafudhi ya kiswahili
Kuna vipengele viwili vinavyounda mchakato wa ufahamu wa kusoma:
- Uelewa wa msamiati na
- Uelewa wa matini
Ili kuilelewa habari/matini ni lazima msomaji awe na uwezo wa kuelewa msamiati uliotumika katika matini hiyo. Endapo maneno yaliyotumika hayataeleweka vilevile matini yote hataeleweka.
Katika ufahamu wa kusoma, msomaji anatakiwa kuzingatia mambo yafuatayo:
- Kubaini mawazo makuu; msomaji anaposoma habari fulani au kitabu inatakiwa ajiulize, Je, kinachoongelewa hapa ni nini? Ni jambo gani hasa analolizungumzia mwandishi? Msomaji akiwa na maswali haya akilini mwake basi itakuwa rahisi kwake kuielewa habari hiyo.
- Kuzingatia alama za uakifishi; msomaji ni lazima azingatie alama za uakifishi, kwa kufanya hivyo itamsaidia kuelewa ujumbe wa habari hiyo na endapo hatazingatia alama za uakifishaji anaweza kupotosha maana ya mwandishi.
- Kubaini maana ya maneno na misemo mbalimbali; habari nyingine huwa zina maneno ya kisanaa hivyo ni muhimu msomaji kubaini maana ya maneno hayo katika muktadha wa habari hiyo, hii itamsaidia kuelewa vyema maana ya mwandishi.
- Vilevile msomaji anatakiwa kumakinikia kile anachokisoma, kila kipengele anachokisoma inampasa akielewe vizuri.
Kwa kuzingatia haya yote msomaji atakuwa na uelewa mzuri juu ya habari aliyoisoma na pia anaweza kufupisha habari hiyo aliyoisoma.
Kujibu Maswali kutokana na Habari uliyoisoma
Jibu maswali kutokana na habari uliyoisoma
Ili kujibu maswali yanayotokana na habari uliyoisoma inatakiwa kuzingatia mambo yafuatayo; kubaini mawazo makuu, kuzingatia alama za uandishi, kubaini maana ya maneno na misemo mbalimbali na kutilia maanani vidokezo vya maana. Aidha mawazo yanapaswa kuelekezwa katika jambo linalosomwa, kujiuliza maswali kadri unavyosoma na kuandika ufupisho.
Kufupisha Habari uliyoisoma
Fupisha habari uliyoisoma
Ili kuandika ufupisho mzuri wa habari uliyosoma yapaswa kuzingatia yafuatayo: kuisoma habari uliyopewa zaidi ya mara moja, kubainisha mawazo makuu, kuandika ufupisho kwa lugha fasaha na yenye mtirirko mzuri wa hoja, kuhesabu idadi ya maneno na kuhakikisha haizidi idadi inayotakiwa na kupitia habari ya mwanzo na kisha ufupisho ili kuona kama taarifa muhimu haijaachwa au kusahaulika.
Huu ni usomaji ambao lengo lake kuu huwa ni kujiburudisha tu. Katika usomaji wa aina hii, msomaji hujisomea zaidi magazeti, majarida na vitabu tofauti na vile vinavyotumika darasani.
Wakati mwingine sio lazima msomaji awe na vitabu vyote ambavyo anahitaji kuvisoma au magazeti na majarida. Inapotokea hivyo, msomaji anaweza kwenda maktaba kuazima kitabu nachokihitaji.
Ingawa lengo la msomaji huwa ni kujiburudisha tu, lakini pia hujiongezea maarifa. Hii ni kwa sababu, magazeti, majarida na vitabu sambamba na kutuamia lugha sanifu huelezea mambo mabalimbali yanayoihusu jamii.
Mambo ya Kuzingatia katika Ufahamu wa Kusikiliza
Mambo ya kuzingatia katika usomaji kwa burudani
Msomaji kutokana na kusoma vitabu na majarida mbalimbali hujiongezea kiwango cha welewa wa lugha na mambo mengine ya kijamaii yanayojadiliwa humo.
Ni jambo zuri kwa msomaji kujijengea tabia ya kujipima ili aweze kuelewa kiwango cha maarifa aliyopata katika kujisomea. Kujipima huku kunaweza kufanywa kwa kujiundia utaratibu w kuweka kumbukumbu ya vitu au makala zilizosomwa na kufanya ufupisho wa kila makala.
Utaratibu unaopendekezwa katika kujipima na kujiwekea kumbukumbu ya usomaji wa burudani ni kama ufuatao:
- Tarehe...
- Jina la kitabu/makala/gazeti....
- Mchapishaji......
- Mwaka/tarehe ya uchapishaji.....
- Ufupisho wa habari(yasizidi maneno 20)
- Fundisho/ujumbe mkuu ni.....
- Jambo lililokuvutia sana......
- Maoni kwa ujumla kama yapo....
Kamusi ni kitabu cha marejeo chenye msamiati uliokusanywa kutoka kwa wazungumzaji wa jamii fulani na kupangwa katika utaratibu maalumu, kisha kufafanuliwa kwa namna ambayo wasomaji wanaweza kuelewa. Au kamusi ni orodha ya maneno yaliyo katika karatasi au nakala tepe yaliyopangwa kialfabeti na kutolewa maana pamoja na maelezo mengine na kuhifadhiwa katika kitabu, santuri, simu, tarakilishi au katika mfumo wowote wa kielekroniki.
Jinsi ya Kutumia Kamusi
Elezea jinsi ya kutumia kamusi
Maneno yanayoingizwa katika kamusi hupangwa kwa utaratibu wa alfabeti. Maneno yanayoanza na herufia, yote huwekwa chini ya herufiA. Maneno yanayoanza na herufi fulani nayo hupangwa katika utaratibu wa alfabeti kwa kuzingatia herufi ya pili, ya tatu, nne au tano ya neno kama mfano hapa chini unavyoonyesha.
Mfano:ja, jabali, jabiri, jadhibika, jadi.
Maneno yote yanaanza na herufi [j]. herufi ya pili kwa maneno yote ni [a]. herufi ya tatu ni [b] na [d]. Kwa kuwa [b] hutangulia [d] katika mpangilio wa alfabeti maneno yenye [b] kabla ya yale yenye [d]. Kwa kuwa maneno yenye herufi [b] ni mawili itabidi tutazame herufi ya nne ya hya maneno ili tuchague litakaloorodheshwa mwanzo. Neno ‘jabali’ litaorodhewshwa kabla ya ‘jabiri’ kwa kuwa [a] (herufi ya nne) ya ‘jabali’ hutangulia [i] ya ‘jabiri’ ambayo pia ni herufi ya nne. Kisha tunatazama maneno yenye [d] kama herufi ya tatu. Hapa tunaangalia pia herufi ya nne ili kubaini neno litakaloandikwa mwanzo kati ya ‘jadhibika’ na ‘jadi’. Kwa kuwa [h] hutangulia [i] basi ‘jadhibika’ huorodheshwa mwanzo ndipo lifuatiwe na ‘jadi’.
Kwa hiyo hivi ndivyo unavyopaswa kutafuta neno kwenye kamusi. Nenda kwenye herufi ya neno ulalotafuta alafu litafute kwa kufuata mlolongo huo huo wa herufi ya kwanza kuorodheshwa.
Neno linaloorodheshwa kwenye kamusi ili lifafanuliwe linaitwakidahizo.Kidahizo huandikiwa maelezo ya kukifafanua. Maelezo haya ni matamshi ya kidahizo, maana ya kidahizo, kategoria ya kisarufi, sentensi ya mfano wa matumizi ya kidahizo n.k. Kidahizo pamoja na maelezo yake ndio huitwakitomeocha kamusi.
Strategies for answering exam and test questions
Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.
Multi-choice questions
Things to remember about multi-choice questions
- Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right.
Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong,
and three or four others that are similar. It is important to look
carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct answer.
- Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
- Answer all the questions.
Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It
is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out
on a mark.
- When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.
Short answer questions
Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.
- Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
- Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
- Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
- Try to answer all the questions. If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.
Exam essay questions
The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation
Time allocation
- Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
- Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
- If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.
Task analysis
- Read the question carefully.
- Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
- Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?
Planning
- Take some time to think and plan your answer.
For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you
will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make
notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning. - Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
- General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point.
Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic
sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with
examples, explanations, and evidence.
Presentation
- Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
- Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use. Incoherent
sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker
not being able to understand your answer properly.
- Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling.
Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and
markers usually take this into account given that students are writing
under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level
of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and
is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
- Don't waffle.
Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t
waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning
your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.
Problem solving questions
Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.
- Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
- Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
- If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
- Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.
Thanks a lot for your effort. Big up
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